Protein transduction as a strategy for evaluating important factors in mammalian sex determination and differentiation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Protein transduction is a powerful tool to deliver biologically active protein into mammalian cells and whole animals. Transduced proteins are folded properly and can mediate their respective functions in their hosts. To examine the feasibility of applying this strategy to study the molecular events of gonadogenesis, we have studied the kinetics of protein transduction and stability of transduced protein in in vitro mouse gonad culture systems using two reporter proteins, TAT-beta-gal and beta-gal fusion proteins with and without the TAT protein transduction domain (PTD) respectively. Our results indicate that the TAT-PTD was critical and essential for protein transduction to cultured fetal gonads. The TAT-beta-gal reporter entered the cells of the gonads and mesonephros efficiently for both sexes at E11.5 to E15.5 stages examined. The delivered protein persisted in the gonads for an extended period after an initial one-hour transduction. The distribution of the reporter was relatively even in gonads and mesonephros at E11.5 stage for both sexes and at later stages in female. The transduced protein was distributed heterogeneously in male gonads after seminiferous tubule differentiation in which the amount of reporter protein was higher outside than inside the tubules. Nevertheless, we surmise that such protein delivery technique should be useful in studies designed to evaluate the sex determining or differentiating functions of various new protein factors identified by advanced differential screening strategies.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".