Bibliographic record
Abstract
In recent years, Jurgen Habermas has proposed to revise Immanuel Kant’s cosmopolitan theory, offering an updated scheme in which the European Union plays a leading role. Habermas’ most basic innovation is to reject the idea that a genuinely cosmopolitan society requires the metaphysical support of the Kantian moral system. Instead, he looks to the empirical example of the European Union to show how a cosmopolitan order is today being built, not upon a metaphysical footing, but upon a purely positivistic international legal framework. But Habermas’ desire to avoid metaphysical commitments, I argue, is belied by his assumption that international law should have validity even for those nations who today reject it. At the practical level this assumption has led Habermas to explicitly reject the Kantian prohibition on international intervention, and to insist that the EU be prepared to use military force to expand the reach of international law.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.008 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".