Cognitive Risks of Anticholinergics in the Elderly
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Many drugs commonly prescribed to the elderly have anticholinergic properties. Due to the current clinical use of drugs with mild-to-modest anticholinergic activity, the clinical manifestations of anticholinergic toxicity are likely to be nonspecific (e.g., cognitive impairment) and reflect the effects of cumulative anticholinergic burden. Age-associated physiological and pharmacokinetic changes increase anticholinergic drug effects in later life. Those with cognitive impairment and neurodegeneration are particularly susceptible to anticholinergic toxicity. Recent findings suggest that chronic anticholinergic burden may hasten or contribute to a neurodegenerative process. APOE ε4 carrier status may be a genetic risk factor for vulnerability to negative anticholinergic effects. There is no clinically available laboratory test to assess anticholinergic levels. Clinicians need to be cognizant of anticholinergic risks in later life. The use of clinical scales (e.g., Anticholinergic Drug Scale) and consensus guidelines (e.g., Revised Beers Criteria) may be helpful.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".