Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Only months before the Soviet blockade sparking the Berlin Airlift was lifted, on April 4, 1949 in Washington, DC, 12 democratic nations signed the North Atlantic Treaty, creating the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). According to the Treaty, an attack on one NATO country would be an attack on all – members hoped that this would act as a deterrent to aggressive military action. Western powers needed to create a united front against what they considered a decidedly “expansionist” Soviet Union, in hopes that, in the face of another engagement, they would be able to quickly divert Soviet aggression. This multilateral organization was designed to give power equally to all members; though from its early days the United States held the most power over NATO's actions. NATO's headquarters was set up in Brussels, Belgium. The following nations all signed the original alliance: Great Britain, the United States, France, the Netherlands, Belgium, Portugal, Iceland, Luxembourg, Canada, Italy, Norway, and Denmark. Ireland, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, and Switzerland were the only Western European nations that did not join. By 1955, Greece, Turkey, and West Germany joined. The following year the governing council of NATO organized a military force in Europe as a further deterrent.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.009 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.006 | 0.006 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.222 | 0.114 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".