"The world’s longest undefended border?": the policing of Canada’s borders since 9/11
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper explores Canadian border security policy after 9/11 in the context of ‘police borders’ as articulated by Peter Andreas. The concept of ‘police borders’ is an alternative to traditional theoretical perspectives in international relations, where the role of borders has been ‘recrafted’ towards the prevention of ‘clandestine transnational actors’ instead of focusing on military or economic concerns. This paper argues that post-9/11 the U.S-Canada border has shifted in the direction of a police border. However, new security efforts from the Canadian government have not necessarily addressed continuing weaknesses or American security concerns. Borders are being reinforced in North America, whereas under the Schengen Agreement, the European Union has facilitated the effective disappearance of borders among member states while hardening the perimeter of Europe. As the result of current trends in American foreign policy and illegal immigration, the United States will likely continue to tighten the U.S.-Canada border.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.031 | 0.008 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.008 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".