Maternal transfer of arsenic to eggs of black‐tailed gull (<i>Larus crassirostris</i>) from Rishiri Island, Japan
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Concentrations of total arsenic and individual arsenic compounds were determined in several tissues and eggs of the black‐tailed gull ( Larus crassirostris ) to characterize accumulation and maternal transfer to eggs. A relatively high concentration of arsenic was observed in the liver, kidney, pancreas, muscle and gonad. The transfer rate of arsenic to eggs of the black‐tailed gull was about 10%. Chemical speciation analysis revealed that arsenobetaine was the major arsenic compound in all the tissues. Dimethylarsinic acid, methylarsonic acid, arsenocholine, and an unidentified arsenic compound were also detected as minor constituents. Like maternal tissues, egg also contained arsenobetaine as the major arsenic compound and dimethylarsinic acid as a minor compound. These results suggest that arsenobetaine and dimethylarsinic acid can transfer from the mother bird to the eggs. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the maternal transfer of arsenic species to eggs of seabirds. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.054 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".