Occurrence of Stem Rot of Basil, Caused by <i>Sclerotinia sclerotiorum</i>, in Coastal California
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In January and February 1999, extensive dieback was observed on commercial basil (Ocimum basilicum) being grown in shadecloth greenhouses in coastal California's Salinas Valley. Symptoms were associated with stems that were high in the plant canopy and had cut ends resulting from multiple harvests of the foliage. Stems had brown discoloration extending from the cut ends toward the crown of the plant. Attached petioles and leaves turned brown and wilted. Profuse white mycelia were generally present externally on symptomatic stems, and occasionally large (>5 mm long) black sclerotia were found inside affected stems. In some shade houses approximately 20 to 25% of the plants were diseased. Isolations from mycelia, sclerotia, and symptomatic stems produced colonies of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Inocula for pathogenicity tests were produced by growing isolates on potato-dextrose agar, removing the resulting sclerotia, air drying them for 12 h, and placing them onto sterilized sand saturated with sterile distilled water. Sand cultures were incubated at 24 to 26°C in the light. After 4 to 6 weeks, apothecia containing asci with eight uniform ascospores developed from the sclerotia. Apothecial cultures were placed at the base of potted basil plants that had been trimmed to simulate harvest and placed in a humidity chamber. After 4 weeks, stem dieback was observed on test plants and S. sclerotiorum was recovered from symptomatic tissue. This pathogenicity test was repeated and the results were similar. Though this disease has occurred in the state prior to 1999, this is the first report of S. sclerotiorum on basil in California. This disease has been reported in North America from Canada and Louisiana (2,3). In contrast with reports from Europe (1), basal infections were not observed in the California greenhouses. References: (1) A. Garibaldi et al. Plant Dis. 81:124, 1997. (2) G. E. Holcomb and M. J. Reed. Plant Dis. 78:924, 1994. (3) T. C. Paulitz. Plant Dis. 81:229, 1997.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".