The Ottawa ankle rules have a high sensitivity for excluding fractures of the ankle and midfoot in acute ankle sprain
Bibliographic record
Abstract
(2003) BMJ 326, 417. Bachmann LM, Kolb E, Koller MT, et al. . Accuracy of Ottawa ankle rules to exclude fractures of the ankle and mid-foot: systematic review. . ; . : . –9 . [OpenUrl][1][Abstract/FREE Full Text][2] QUESTION: In emergency departments patients with an acute ankle sprain, are the Ottawa ankle rules accurate for excluding fractures of the ankle and midfoot? Studies were identified by searching 6 databases, reviewing reference lists, and contacting authors. Studies published in any language were selected if they evaluated the Ottawa ankle rules for diagnosing fractures of the ankle or midfoot and reported sufficient data to calculate the false positive and false negative rates. Data were extracted on sample size, demographic characteristics of the patients, setting, type of Ottawa ankle rules used, study quality, and outcomes. Main outcomes included sensitivity, specificity, and negative likelihood ratios. After inspection of the receiver operating characteristics curve, sensitivities but not specificities were pooled using the … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DBMJ%26rft.stitle%253DBMJ%26rft.issn%253D0007-1447%26rft.aulast%253DBachmann%26rft.auinit1%253DL.%2BM%26rft.volume%253D326%26rft.issue%253D7386%26rft.spage%253D417%26rft.epage%253D417%26rft.atitle%253DAccuracy%2Bof%2BOttawa%2Bankle%2Brules%2Bto%2Bexclude%2Bfractures%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bankle%2Band%2Bmid-foot%253A%2Bsystematic%2Breview%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1136%252Fbmj.326.7386.417%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F12595378%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/ijlink?linkType=ABST&journalCode=bmj&resid=326/7386/417&atom=%2Febmed%2F8%2F6%2F185.atom
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Direct model labels (unvalidated)
Per-model category and study-design labels from the labeling rounds. They are machine output, unvalidated, and the disagreement between models ships as data. No study design here is MEDLINE-validated yet.
| Model arm | Categories | Study design | Confidence |
|---|---|---|---|
| gemma | no category Domain: not available · Genre: Empirical About the Canadian research system: no · About a Canadian topic: no | Observational | low |
| gpt | no category Domain: not available · Genre: Other About the Canadian research system: no · About a Canadian topic: no | Other design | high |
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.044 | 0.241 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.008 | 0.009 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.011 | 0.010 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedLabeled directly by 2 models reading the full record.
The models disagree on parts of this classification; every voice is preserved in the section at the end of the page.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".