A shift toward harmonics for high-frequency calling shown with phylogenetic study of frequency spectra in Eneopterinae crickets (Orthoptera, Grylloidea, Eneopteridae)
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Dominant frequency is an important feature of cricket song, as it can be used for species recognition and mate choice. The dominant frequency usually ranges from 2 to 8 kHz and corresponds to the fundamental frequency of the song. In preliminary studies we documented high-frequency songs in the subfamily Eneopterinae. To analyse this phenomenon further, we investigate the spectral properties of these cricket songs. Based on the analysis of the frequency spectra in reference to phylogeny, we show that a shift of dominant frequency from the fundamental toward the second or the third harmonic of the song occurred in the Lebinthini tribe. In this clade the upper harmonics (second or third) become the most powerful frequencies of the song. From an evolutionary point of view, we document a case of convergence toward high-frequency calling between species of Eneoptera Burmeister, 1838, which emit alternatively low and high fundamental frequencies, and the Lebinthini, which emit high frequencies using upper harmonics. Functional hypotheses are discussed to explain how these high frequencies could be produced.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it