Removal of Boron by Surfactant Modified Zeolitic Tuff from Northeastern Greece
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Boron adsorption on surfactant modified zeolite (SMZ) was investigated, in the perspective of using SMZ for B removal from irrigation waters, since SMZ has been proven efficient adsorbent for many anions. A calcareous clinoptilolite was used and a sub-sample was treated with HCl. Then the charge of the external surface of the untreated and treated zeolite was modified and B adsorption was studied. The SMZ adsorbed B and its adsorption capacity was increased with HCl treatment and pH adjustment at the strongly alkaline range. However, in all cases the relative amounts of B removed from solution were much lower than other anions reported in the literature. In addition, B concentration in the equilibrium solution was above 3 mg L-1, which is considered a critical limit for B in irrigation waters in respect to the risk of B phytotoxicity. It was concluded that SMZ is not an effective means for B removal from irrigation waters and thus its use for B water treatment is not recommended.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".