The origin, measurement and control of fine particles in non‐aqueous hydraulic fluids and their effect on fluid and system performance
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract When assessing the cleanliness of industrial hydraulic fluids, current procedures focus on particles above 4 µm in size. However, the use of more sophisticated techniques has confirmed that substantial numbers of much smaller particles can be formed in use — mainly by high‐temperature degradation processes. The paper outlines the mechanisms for fine particle generation and procedures for their measurement and control. Significant quantities can adversely affect fluid surface‐active properties and hinder the operation of system components. The effect of flow electrification or applied electrical fields to assist filtration is also discussed. The paper suggests that residual charge could stabilise particle dispersions, assist the depletion of dispersed anti‐foam particles and affect foam stability. An extension of the ISO 4406 cleanliness code to quantify the presence of fine particulate is recommended as is the need for further work to investigate the limits that should be placed on their presence in different applications. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".