Insonation Method and Diagnostic Flow Signatures for Transcranial Power Motion (M‐Mode) Doppler
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Power motion mode Doppler (PMD) simultaneously displays flow signal intensity and direction over several centimeters of intracranial space. Insonation protocol for PMD and spectral transcranial Doppler (TCD) with typical PMD flow signatures is described in serial patients with acute stroke symptoms examined via conventional windows with a PMD/TCD unit. RESULTS: Thirty-five patients were studied within 12 hours after stroke onset (age 64 +/- 15 years; 8 received intravenous and 3 intra-arterial thrombolysis). One patient had no temporal window, and 3 patients had suboptimal windows. In 90% of patients, PMD showed more than 1 ipsilateral temporal windows. In 63% of patients (n = 22), PMD simultaneously displayed the entire M1 (65-45 mm) and proximal M2 (45-30 mm) flows, leading to spectral TCD examination of the proximal M2 middle cerebral artery (MCA) in 28 of 35 patients (80%). All patients had sufficient foraminal (depth display = 60-110 mm) and orbital (depth display = 30-80 mm) windows. PMD displayed the entire basilar artery stem (75-100+ mm) in 69% (n = 24) of patients, and the distal basilar flow was detected in all patients by both PMD and TCD. TCD results were normal (12), proximal intracranial stenosis (5), large vessel occlusion (17), and cerebral circulatory arrest (1). Compared to spectral TCD, PMD signatures of similar diagnostic significance were low resistance (vessel identification and recanalization), high resistance (ophthalmic artery identification and distal obstruction), collateral (communicating arteries and leptomeningeal flow), reverberating (circulatory arrest), and branch embolization. CONCLUSIONS: PMD is a window-finding tool and a guide for spectral TCD gate placement. PMD facilitates flow detection in the M2 branches and the distal basilar artery. PMD can demonstrate recanalization of the entire MCA main stem and proximal branches, increase the yield of embolus detection and procedure monitoring, and facilitate abnormal flow pattern recognition.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".