A 3D, Multiphase, Multicomponent Model of the Cathode and Anode of a PEM Fuel Cell
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A computational fluid dynamics multiphase model of a proton-exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell is presented. The model accounts for three-dimensional transport processes including phase change and heat transfer, and includes the gas-diffusion layers (GDL) and gas flow channels for both anode and cathode, as well as a cooling channel. Transport of liquid water inside the gas-diffusion layers is modeled using viscous forces and capillary pressure terms. The physics of phase change is accounted for by prescribing local evaporation as a function of the undersaturation and liquid water concentration. Simulations have been performed for fully humidified gases entering the cell. The results show that different competing mechanisms lead to phase change at both anode and cathode sides of the fuel cell. The predicted amount of liquid water depends strongly on the prescribed material properties, particularly the hydraulic permeability of the GDL. Analysis of the simulations at a current density of 1.2 A / cm 2 show that both condensation and evaporation take place within the cathode GDL, whereas condensation prevails throughout the anode, except near the inlet. The three-dimensional distribution of the reactants and products is evident, particularly under the land areas. For the conditions investigated in this paper, the liquid water saturation does not exceed 10% at either anode or cathode side, and increases nonlinearly with current density. © 2003 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".