On the Design of Undersampling Continuous-Time Bandpass Delta–Sigma Modulators for Gigahertz Frequency A/D Conversion
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper describes issues and tradeoffs related to the design of undersampling delta-sigma modulators (DeltaSigmaMs) for wireless receivers. It proposes a new bandpass undersampling DeltaSigmaM architecture dedicated to multigigahertz frequencies. This paper is based on up-sampling in the feedback path to remove the analog mixer usually found in the modulator. Design equations are discussed for an optimum operating point when the input signal is at 1.8 GHz. The related design model can be applied to many communication standards. The underlying proposed architecture can receive high-frequency carriers modulated with signals of bandwidth as large as 5 MHz. In the proposed design, it converts the signal into digital data with a spurious-free dynamic range of 46 dB at a sampling frequency of 810.1 MHz. Design simulation, characterization, and implementation of the proposed modulator are done using a 0.13- mum CMOS technology.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".