Numerical Simulations of Waves over Large Crater Topography in the Atmosphere
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Numerical simulations are used to investigate waves generated by flow over crater topography of diameter 100 km in an idealized atmosphere. The atmosphere is stratified with a constant buoyancy frequency profile and the background wind is constant. This study describes the development of a low-level jet along the upstream crater slope and its interaction with the cooler air within the crater valley. This interaction results in a hydraulic jump–like structure that acts as a modified topography, forcing a beam of secondary waves. The hydraulic jump is formed by a retreating gravity current as the cool air within the crater readjusts after the initial tilting of potential temperature contours. A two-dimensional simulation is used to compare features such as wave overturning in two and three dimensions. Several variations on the atmosphere’s profile are considered, including an atmosphere with reduced constant stratification and an atmosphere that is unstratified within the crater. These results indicate that the stratification within the crater is an important component in the development of the hydraulic jump. Also, several topographic modifications are included, such as a crater with no rims and a crater with reduced diameter. These comparisons reveal that the crater rims have little impact on the general wave pattern and that the crater curvature can influence wave breaking and lateral deflections. In addition, cases with rotation break the symmetry and induce more overturning in one-half of the crater.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".