Application of equal area criterion conditions in the time domain for out-of-step protection
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
A new procedure for out-of-step protection by mapping the equal area criterion conditions to the time domain is proposed in this paper. The classification between stable and out-of-step swings is done using the accelerating and decelerating energies, which represents the area under the power-time curve. The proposed methodology is simple and overcomes some of the difficulties associated with the previous techniques. The proposed approach is based only on the local electrical quantities available at the relay location, and does not depend on the network configuration and parameters. The proposed algorithm has been tested on a single machine infinite bus and a three machine infinite bus system using software simulations. A digital prototype of the relay has also been implemented on the hardware and its performance has been assessed in a closed loop mode using a Real-Time Digital Simulator. The simulation results and the hardware testing results confirm the validity of the approach presented.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it