Isolated Avulsion of the Medial Head of the Triceps Tendon: An Anatomic Study and Arthroscopic Repair in 2 Cases
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the area and characteristics of the triceps tendon footprint on the olecranon, with special attention to the medial head insertion. The secondary goal was to report 2 cases of isolated avulsions of the medial head of the triceps tendon treated successfully with arthroscopic repair. METHODS: Fifteen cadaveric upper extremities were examined to investigate the triceps tendon insertion, and two case reports of an arthroscopic repair technique are described. RESULTS: In 8 specimens (53%) there was a separate insertion of the medial head of the triceps tendon on the olecranon, which was deep to the long and lateral head insertions. The mean area of the medial head insertion was 44 mm(2), and the mean area of the combined long and lateral head insertions was 115 mm(2). In 7 specimens (47%) the long, lateral, and medial heads of the triceps inserted together and had a mean area of 134 mm(2). Although the 3 heads of the triceps inserted together, the medial head tendon fiber orientation was still directed deep to the long and lateral heads. At 2 years' follow-up, both patients described no pain, had better strength, and had improved Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand scores and Mayo Elbow Performance Scores. CONCLUSIONS: We have determined the characteristics of the distal triceps tendon footprint and the insertional orientation on the olecranon. For cases with an isolated avulsion of the medial head of the triceps tendon, an arthroscopic repair technique is described. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV, anatomic study and therapeutic case series.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it