Group behaviour of hollow-bar micropiles in cohesive soils
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
The use of hollow-core bars in micropiles has greatly increased over the past 10 years. In this study, the group behaviour of hollow-bar micropiles is investigated. The research methodology encompasses a full-scale field study on single hollow-bar micropiles and pairs of micropiles installed in cohesive soils and numerical investigations using three-dimensional (3D) finite element analysis. Four hollow-bar micropiles were installed in stiff silty clay deposit using large drilling carbide bits. Four axial monotonic tests on pairs of hollow-bar micropiles were conducted as part of the field study. The field test results were utilized to calibrate–verify a 3D finite element model (FEM). A parametric study was performed using the verified FEM to characterize capacity and performance of hollow-bar micropile groups. Group efficiency factors and interaction factors were established to evaluate the capacity and response of hollow-bar micropile groups under vertical loading. The results from the field tests and numerical investigations revealed that for hollow-bar micropiles, group efficiency factor, G E , can be taken equal to 1. A method for calculating the group settlement utilizing the interaction factors approach is proposed and a family of interaction factor diagrams is established to evaluate the group settlement.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it