Paleoculicis minututs (Diptera: Culicidae) n. Gen., n. Sp., from Cretaceous Canadian amber, with a summary of described fossil mosquitoes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A new genus and species of fossil mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) is described from Canadian Cretaceous amber, thus providing the first undeniable record of this group from the Cretaceous Period. Paleoculicis minutus n.gen., n.sp. can be separated from extant culicids by features of the head, thorax, and abdomen. Paleoculicis has closer affinities to the Culicinae than to the Anophelinae or Toxorhynchitinae. If P. minutus fed on blood, a range of ve rtebrates (including dinosaurs) were potential hosts some 79 million years ago. A review of previous descriptions of fossil mosquitoes is presented. Many cannot be confidently assigned to the Culicidae, while others are extant species in copal. Only a minority of them can be regarded as true Culicidae, all of which are reported from Tertiary deposits.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.009 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".