Measurement of Capillary Pressure Curve of DNAPL in a Water-Saturated Sandstone Fracture
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper describes a methodology for the measurement of the capillary pressure curve of dense nonaqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs) in a water-saturated sandstone induced fracture. Details of specimen preparation, capillary barrier design, and capillary pressure measurement setup, procedure, and results are given. The aperture distribution of the induced fracture was estimated using the X-ray computed tomography (CT) technique. The primary drainage or invasion of DNAPLs in the water-saturated induced fracture was simulated using the invasion percolation (IP) approach. It was found that the invasion process was highly dependent on the spatial distribution of the fracture apertures. The IP model matched the experimentally measured entry pressure very well but deviated from the measured capillary pressure curve at the midrange and high nonwetting phase saturations. The IP model tended to yield an L-shaped function with a fairly flat portion at the midrange saturation and a sharp rise at the high end. The measured capillary pressure curve was observed to follow the well-known Brooks-Corey porous media function. These discrepancies between the measured and predicted results could be attributed to the fact that the IP model did not consider the effects of fracture surface roughness and undulation. For a fracture with small apertures, these two factors could make the fracture behave more as a porous medium than a parallel-plate channel.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".