Observations of bentonite erosion from solar-driven moisture migration in GCLs covered only by a black geomembrane
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT: Manufacturers of geosynthetic liner materials recommend that composite geomembrane/geosynthetic clay liners (GCLs) be covered in a timely fashion to avoid potential issues that may arise under the action of long-term solar exposure. In this paper, field evidence of a new, never before reported solar-exposure driven damage mechanism for GCLs covered only by a black geomembrane and left exposed for more than 3 years is presented. Solar exposure can give rise to a large daily variation in geomembrane temperature, which causes a moisture cycle within the interface between the geomembrane and GCL resulting in the formation and flow of condensed moisture beneath the geomembrane. All four of the GCL products investigated at the Queen's University Environmental Liner Test Site were shown to have experienced significant bentonite erosion after 4.7 years of exposure. Erosion was identified in the field through a tactile survey of GCL panels in which the stiffness response of the GCL to touch was used to identify eroded zones. A change in the colour of the GCL, although useful to identify possibly eroded zones in some GCL products, proved ineffective in others. Erosion features were observed with widths up to and exceeding 200 mm across, making them unlikely to undergo self-healing upon hydration and application of normal stress. As a result, the observed erosion features would have severe adverse consequences for leakage rates through the GCL component of a composite liner barrier system. These observations provide yet another strong motivation for timely covering of composite landfill liner systems.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".