Mechanism of cell death during infectious salmon anemia virus infection is cell type-specific
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAV) is a very important fish virus in the Northern hemisphere and there is continued interest in understanding the mechanisms of its pathogenesis and persistence in fish. In this study, the permissive fish cell lines SHK-1, CHSE-214 and TO were used to determine whether ISAV-induced cytopathic effect (CPE) is due to apoptosis or necrosis. Characteristic apoptotic DNA fragmentation was observed only in ISAV-infected SHK-1 and CHSE-214 cells. Apoptosis in ISAV-infected SHK-1 cells was confirmed by fragment end-labelling assay, suggesting that CPE in these cells is associated with apoptosis. ISAV-infected TO cells did not undergo apoptosis, but showed leakage of high-mobility group 1 (HMGB1) protein from the nucleus, which is characteristic of cells undergoing necrosis; this suggests that CPE in these cells is associated with necrosis. ISAV-infected SHK-1 cells did not show leakage of HMGB1 protein. Infection with two different strains of ISAV showed that induction of apoptosis was correlated with the appearance of CPE in SHK-1 cells. ISAV-induced apoptosis was inhibited by a pan-caspase inhibitor, Z-VAD-fmk, indicating a caspase-activation pathway. The ISAV putative PB2 protein and proteins encoded by RNA segment 7 bound caspase-8 specifically in vitro, suggesting that these viral proteins may have a role in ISAV-induced apoptosis. These findings demonstrate for the first time that the mechanism of cell death during ISAV infection is dependent on the cell type, which may have implications for ISAV pathogenesis and persistence.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".