Failure of Reach-Scale Restoration to Improve Biotic Integrity in a Mid-Atlantic Stream
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Reach-scale restoration to re-establish habitat integrity is practiced throughout the US. These techniques, while yielding aesthetic enhancement, may not result in ecological improvement. Using a before-after, control-impacted (BACI) sampling design, we evaluated the benthic macroinvertebrate community in two branches of the Codorus Creek, Southeastern PA throughout the course of restoration projects. Reach-scale restoration activities at several sites along both branches have been conducted since 2002. There was no significant change in the benthic macroinvertebrate community associated with reach-scale restoration. Even after the restoration projects were completed, downstream-impacted sites on both branches reflected severe stress with reduced numbers of organisms, low diversity, and impoverished pollution sensitive species. Thus, our results indicate that there were no significant short-term benefits resulting from reach-scale restoration. We recommend that the actions of individuals and organizations concerned with streams focus on watershed-scale conservation and restoration activities.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".