Protective Relay Coordination for Micro-grid Operation Using Particle Swarm Optimization
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
With the increasing penetration of Distribution Generation (DG), micro-grid operation becomes an attractive and valuable option. In order for micro-grids to become a viable option, issues such as micro-grid control and protection must be addressed and well established. The paper focuses on micro-grid protection and proposes the use of directional overcurrent relays for protecting a micro-grid consisting of synchronous based DGs. The key issue in selecting the relay settings is to achieve the minimum possible operating times while maintaining coordination among all relays. In this paper, the relay coordination problem is formulated as a Mixed Integer Nonlinear Programming (MINLP) problem and is solved using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO).
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it