Late Cretaceous Plesiosaur Teeth from Axel Heiberg Island, Nunavut, Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We report the discovery of Late Cretaceous plesiosaur teeth from non-marine strata on Axel Heiberg Island in the Canadian High Arctic. In comparison to other plesiosaur teeth, these specimens are most similar to the teeth of elasmosaurs: they have a smooth outer surface and crenulated inner surface, with crenulations that extend nearly to the tip of the tooth. Comparisons with elasmosaurid fossils elsewhere indicate that the Axel Heiberg teeth are from juveniles. The presence of a plesiosaur in nonmarine strata on Axel Heiberg Island supports the suggestion that juvenile elasmosaurs frequently inhabited freshwater environments. The temporal distribution of the Axel Heiberg specimens and other occurrences from the High Arctic suggests that elasmosaurids may have expanded their range during a time of extreme climatic warmth.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".