On-line monitoring of transformer bushings using a new decentralized measurement system
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A new bushing insulation monitoring system based on decentralized measurements of the bushing-tap current is presented. The development of this decentralized system is driven by the need to reduce the implementation cost of bushing monitoring based on the comparison of specimens connected in parallel on the same electrical phase. GPS is used for time synchronization of the decentralized measurements. The phase and amplitude measurement accuracy specifications are respectively 0.01° and 0.1%. These specifications are required to allow monitoring of the insulation degradation as well as variations of the bushing capacitance and power/dissipation factor introduced by the fluctuation of the internal insulation temperature and ambient conditions (e.g. rain). Simulations of the new decentralized measurement system were performed to determine the detailed specifications. The system will be validated by comparing it with on-line measurements performed on nine 735/230-kV transmission transformers using a standard galvanic measurement system. These transformers are located in a substation with HVDC converters, which represents a challenging noisy environment for such accurate measurements.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".