Mother's exercise during pregnancy programmes vasomotor function in adult offspring
Bibliographic record
Abstract
New Findings What is the central question of this study? Adverse maternal behaviour during pregnancy is well known to have lifelong health consequences for offspring. We asked whether a positive maternal health behaviour may have positive long‐term effects for offspring. Specifically, we investigated whether aerobic maternal exercise improves nitric oxide signalling in femoral arteries of adult swine. What is the main finding and its importance? For the first time, a fetal programming outcome due to gestational exercise is reported in adult offspring. Second, contrary to previous speculation regarding the impact of in utero alterations on nitric oxide signalling, our data suggest differential myosin phosphorylation in vascular smooth muscle. The intrauterine environment is influenced by maternal behaviour and programmes atherosclerotic disease susceptibility in offspring. The aim of this investigation was to test the hypothesis that mothers’ exercise during pregnancy improves endothelial function in 3‐, 5‐ and 9‐month‐old porcine offspring. The pregnant sows in the exercise group ran for an average of 39.35 ± 0.75 min at 4.81 ± 0.35 km h −1 each day for 5 days per week for all but the last week of gestation. This induced a significant reduction in resting heart rate (exercised group, 89.3 ± 3.5 beats min −1 ; sedentary group, 102.1 ± 3.1 beats min −1 ; P < 0.05) but no significant differences in gestational weight gain (65.8 ± 2.1 versus 63.3 ± 1.9%). No significant effect on bradykinin‐induced vasorelaxation with and without l ‐NAME was observed. A significant main effect was identified on sodium nitroprusside‐induced vasorelaxation ( P = 0.01), manifested by a reduced response in femoral arteries of all age groups from exercised‐trained swine. Nitric oxide signalling was not affected by maternal exercise. Protein expression of MYPT1 was reduced in femoral arteries from 3‐month‐old offspring of exercised animals. A significant interaction was observed for PPP1R14A ( P < 0.05) transcript abundance and its protein product CPI‐17. In conclusion, pregnant swine are able to complete an exercise‐training protocol that matches the current recommendations for pregnant women. Gestational exercise is a potent stimulus for programming vascular smooth muscle relaxation in adult offspring. Specifically, exercise training for the finite duration of pregnancy decreases vascular smooth muscle responsiveness in adult offspring to an exogenous nitric oxide donor.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".