The genetic signature of rapid range expansion by flying squirrels in response to contemporary climate warming
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Climate is an important factor limiting species distributions. Historic climate-change related range movements have modified the genetic diversity of species by the merging and splitting of gene pools and by the effects associated with recurrent founder events. These effects are often inferred, either from retrospective analyses of current genetic patterns or from simulations. Rarely has it been possible for the population genetic effects of range expansion to be examined with contemporaneous demographic data. We characterized the genetic signature of rapid range expansion by southern flying squirrels (Glaucomys volans) and compared these results to a stationary population of the closely related northern flying squirrel (Glaucomys sabrinus) in Ontario, Canada. Samples were taken during an approximately 200 km range expansion by G. volans (1994–2003) and genotyped at 6 (G. sabrinus) and 8 (G. volans) microsatellite loci. For G. volans, but not G. sabrinus, we found evidence of a latitudinal gradient in allele frequencies and a decrease in allelic richness along the axis of expansion. We found no evidence of isolation-by-distance in either species or of genetic bottlenecks in the area of G. volans expansion. These results suggest that serial founder events can cause an immediate reduction in genetic diversity following rapid range expansion with high levels of gene flow giving rise to heterogeneity within what would classically be termed panmixia. Given the pace of anthropogenic climate change, and the increasing incidence of range movements in response, this may be an important, immediate consequence of climate change.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".