Equilibrium and Disequilibrium Pricing for Spectrum Trading in Cognitive Radio: A Control-Theoretic Approach
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Spectrum trading is a concept used to describe the economics of dynamic spectrum sharing in cognitive radio networks. In this paper, we consider the problem of spectrum trading between primary and secondary services. Multiple markets are established in this trading for the multiple available frequency bands. The primary service is considered as the seller and the secondary service is considered as a buyer in a dynamic spectrum trading market. The spectrum supply from the primary service is derived based on the revenue earned due to spectrum sharing and the cost due to QoS performance degradation of the connections served by the primary service. The spectrum demand of secondary service is obtained based on the utility from spectrum usage. We first obtain the equilibrium pricing which is the point where spectrum supply equals spectrum demand. Then, we consider the case where the spectrum sellers do not offer the equilibrium price. The impact of this disequilibrium pricing is investigated. We model the cases of equilibrium and disequilibrium pricing as feedback control systems in which the spectrum seller and buyer have their own transfer functions. By using classical control theory the stability of the model is analyzed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".