Measurement of wave velocities and attenuation using an ultrasonic test system
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The use of ultrasonic testing to determine pulse velocities and small-strain elastic constants for rocks has been standardized in American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standard D2845-95. However, the use of ultrasonic testing to determine pulse velocities and small-strain elastic constants of soils is less common, as soils have higher damping characteristics which result in measurement difficulty. The signal transmitted through soil is weak and very noisy. As a result, the signal must be properly processed to provide a reliable estimate of the wave travel time. In this paper, an ultrasonic test system consisting of compression and shear wave transducers, a pulser, and a data-acquisition system is evaluated for measurement of both compression and shear wave velocities. Among the specimens tested were fully saturated and unsaturated soil specimens. The effects of acoustic coupling and signal processing on the transmitted pulse were investigated. The strain levels associated with the determination of the wave velocities were also measured. Furthermore, a method for determining attenuation characteristics for soil specimens from the frequency spectra is suggested.Key words: laboratory, compression wave, shear wave, velocity, attenuation, ultrasonic.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".