TIME BUDGETS AND BODY TEMPERATURES OF AMERICAN GOLDEN-PLOVER CHICKS IN RELATION TO AMBIENT TEMPERATURE
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We studied time budgets of precocial chicks of American Golden-Plovers (Pluvialis dominica) on the tundra near Churchill, Manitoba, Canada, to assess how time budgets are influenced by environmental and body temperatures. Foraging time per day increased with increasing ambient temperatures and levels of solar radiation, as well as with age. This increase was due to an increase in the length of foraging bouts (i.e., the period of time in between two brooding bouts). The length of brooding bouts averaged 12 min, independent of ambient conditions or age. Body temperatures were lower under colder environmental conditions and increased as the chicks grew older. Based on measurements of cooling rates of penned chicks, we determined that at the end of a foraging bout, body temperature never fell below 35.5°C, which is high for a precocial chick. We suggest that in Churchill, American Golden-Plover chicks are not limited in their foraging time by ambient conditions, and they can collect sufficient food in the short periods of foraging that are available to them to sustain normal growth. By minimizing foraging bout length in favor of parental brooding, chicks may increase their digestive efficiency as well as save energy that would otherwise be expended on thermoregulation and locomotion. Presupuesto de Tiempo y Temperaturas Corporales de Polluelos de Pluvialis dominica y su Relación con la Temperatura Ambiental Resumen. Se estudió el presupuesto de tiempo de polluelos precociales de Pluvialis dominica en la tundra ubicada en las cercanías de Churchill, Manitoba, Canadá, para evaluar de qué manera el presupuesto de tiempo está influenciado por las temperaturas ambiental y corporal. El tiempo de forrajeo incrementó con el aumento de la temperatura ambiental, con los niveles de radiación solar y con la edad. Esto se debió a un incremento de la duración de las sesiones de forrajeo (es decir, el periodo de tiempo entre dos sesiones de empollamiento). La duración de las sesiones de empollamiento tuvo una media de 12 min, independientemente de las condiciones ambientales o de la edad. Las temperaturas corporales fueron inferiores bajo condiciones ambientales más frías, y aumentaron conforme a la edad de los polluelos. En base a medidas de la tasa de enfriamiento de pollos cautivos, es posible precisar que al final de una sesión de forrajeo, la temperatura corporal nunca es menor de 35.5°C, el cual es un valor elevado para un polluelo precocial. Sugerimos que en Churchill, el tiempo de forrajeo de los polluelos de P. dominica no está limitado por las condiciones ambientales y que los polluelos pueden acopiar suficiente alimento durante las cortas sesiones de forrajeo que disponen para mantener un crecimiento normal. La disminución de la duración de la sesión de forrajeo en favor de la incubación, les permite aumentar su eficacia digestiva y ahorrar energía, la que de otro modo podría emplearse en termorregulación o locomoción.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".