Phase and amplitude responses associated with the measurement of shear-wave velocity in sand by bender elements
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Shear-wave velocity measured by bender elements in laboratory sand samples is shown to be dependent upon the excitation frequency and exhibits a maximum velocity for a finite frequency. By comparing the relative effects of dispersion due to propagation of shear waves through sand and dispersion due to bender element performance within sand, we show that a combination of the two processes is required to explain the observations. The magnitude of the aggregate response of the bender elements and the sand implies that reliable shear-wave velocity results cannot be obtained from bender element tests without a prior knowledge of the frequency response of the entire system.Key words: shear-wave velocity, phase-sensitive detection, dispersion, attenuation, sand.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it