Increasing chloride concentrations in Lake Simcoe and its tributaries
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Chloride concentrations in Lake Simcoe have increased significantly (P < 0.001) over a 36-year period during which the human population in the watershed has grown. Lake concentrations are now between 36 and 40 mg/L, having increased more than three-fold at the lake's outflow since 1971. Concentrations increased significantly in eight tributaries of the lake from 1993 to 2007 (P < 0.05), and were highest in those rivers draining the greatest percentage of urban land and roads, and in a river close to a major highway. The cumulative chloride load estimated at the mouths of seven rivers flowing into Lake Simcoe ranged from 11,563 to 32,107 tonnes/year from 1998 to 2007, and increased significantly over this period (P < 0.05). The fluxes or unit area loads of chloride, averaged from 2004 to 2007 for each of 10 tributaries, were positively correlated with the proportion of urban land and roads drained (P = 0.005, r = 0.80). Although Lake Simcoe is a large lake and only 12% of its watershed drains urban land and roads, evidence of road salt application can already be seen. This indicates that inputs must be reduced to preclude future ecological impacts on the lake.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".