Balanced Detection of Correlated Incoherent Signals: A Statistical Analysis of Intensity Noise With Experimental Validation
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
We study the balanced detection of broadband incoherent optical signals-signals characterized by high-intensity noise. We consider signals generated from a single incoherent source with two types of correlation: identical spectra, but delayed in time, and overlapping, nonidentical spectra but zero time delay. Our statistical analysis yields equations for the probability density function (pdf) of the balanced detector output for partially correlated input signals based on easily measured system parameters (power spectral densities in one case, relative time delay in the other). Using analytical tools we derive expressions for output pdfs giving extremely good prediction of measured pdfs for signals with correlation coefficient up to 95%. The analytic expressions can be used to characterize system performance, in particular, bit error rate for communications systems.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it