Rates of mass gain and energy deposition in red knot on their final spring staging site is both time‐ and condition‐dependent
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Summary Millions of shorebirds migrate each year through a small number of highly productive staging areas where they often conflict with fisheries interests. Delaware Bay, USA, is a major shorebird stopover site where, in spring, many thousands of shorebirds undergo rapid mass gain by feeding on the eggs of commercially harvested horseshoe crabs Limulus polyphemus . Environmental factors may cause deviations from the best migration schedule. We used within‐year mass gain data from red knot Calidris canutus caught in Delaware Bay between 1998 and 2005 to determine the degree of flexibility individuals have to vary migration speed. Mass gain by birds below 133 g was shown to comprise 15·3% fat (39 kJ g −1 ), the remainder being lean mass (6 kJ g −1 ). Above this critical level, fat comprised 83·9% of mass deposition. The rates of energy deposition (kJ d −1 ) were therefore fundamentally different between the two states but were among the highest ever recorded among vertebrates (5–7 × basic metabolic rate). A total of 36–62% of the variation in observed rates of energy deposition between 1998 and 2002 was explained by a year factor, date and mass at initial capture and interaction terms, such that light‐weight birds at the end of May had rates of mass gain or energy deposition two to three times higher than birds of similar mass in mid‐May, indicating that birds were attempting to achieve a certain mass by a certain date. In 2003 and 2005, this relationship broke down as a result of lower densities of eggs. Synthesis and application. The maintenance of high densities of crab eggs required for high rates of mass gain in red knot requires severe cuts in, or the complete cessation of, the crab harvest, reduced human and raptor‐related disturbance as well as management of beaches to provide sufficient crab‐spawning habitat. These findings are widely applicable to other systems where harvesting activities come into conflict with migrating animals and show that certain sections of the population, in this case the long‐distance migrants from South America, will be impacted more than short‐distance migrants whose physiology may give them access to alternative food resources.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".