Retinal and Optic Nerve Degeneration After Chronic Carotid Ligation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Carotid artery disease can cause chronic retinal ischemia, resulting in transient or permanent blindness, pupillary reflex dysfunction, and retinal degeneration. This experiment investigated the effects of chronic retinal ischemia in an animal model involving permanent carotid occlusion. The time course of retinal pathology and the role of light in this pathology were examined. METHODS: Sprague-Dawley rats underwent permanent bilateral occlusion of the common carotid arteries or sham surgery. Half of the animals were postsurgically housed in darkness, and half were housed in a 12-hour light/dark cycle. Animals were killed at 3, 15, and 90 days after surgery. Stereological techniques were used to count the cells of the retinal ganglion cell layer. Thy-1 immunoreactivity was assessed to specifically quantify loss of retinal ganglion cells. The thicknesses of the remaining retinal sublayers were measured. Optic nerve degeneration was quantified with the Gallyas silver staining technique. RESULTS: Permanent bilateral occlusion of the common carotid arteries resulted in loss of the pupillary reflex to light in 58% of rats. Eyes that lost the reflex showed (1) optic nerve degeneration at 3, 15, and 90 days after surgery; (2) a reduction of retinal ganglion cell layer neurons and Thy-1 immunoreactivity by 15 and 90 days; and (3) a severe loss of photoreceptors by 90 days when postsurgically housed in the light condition only. CONCLUSIONS: Ischemic damage to the optic nerve caused loss of pupillary reflex and death of retinal ganglion cells in a subset of rats. Subsequently, light toxicity induced death of the photoreceptors.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".