INDIVIDUAL AND TEMPORAL VARIATION IN INLAND FLIGHT BEHAVIOR OF MARBLED MURRELETS: IMPLICATIONS FOR POPULATION MONITORING
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We studied the inland flight behavior of 46 radio-marked Marbled Murrelets (Brachyramphus marmoratus) in 2000 and 2001 in central California to determine how the frequency of inland flights varied among individuals and over time. All breeding murrelets regularly flew inland (mean 82% of daily surveys), but we observed considerable variation in the inland flight behavior of non-nesters. Non-nesters that were physiologically in breeding condition (potential breeders) regularly flew inland (90% of individuals; mean 41% of daily surveys), but non-nesters that were not in breeding condition (nonbreeders) rarely flew inland (20% of individuals; mean 1% of daily surveys). The mean percentage of surveys on which individual murrelets flew inland increased from 20% in 2000 to 61% in 2001, which was partly due to an increase in the percentage of breeders from 11% in 2000 to 50% in 2001. The frequency of inland flights was greatest during the incubation and chick- provisioning stages (100% in both stages), and lowest during the pre- and postbreeding stages (70% and 78%, respectively). Although the mean percentage of flights increased dramatically between years, the regional population estimate from at-sea surveys increased only 28% from 496 to 637 individuals during the same period, indicating that monitoring techniques such as radar that count inland flights are more likely to reflect annual variation in breeding effort than changes in regional population size. Moreover, the inland flight behavior of potential breeders indicates that radar surveys will overestimate breeding population size, even though the lack of inland flights by nonbreeders indicates that radar surveys will underestimate regional population size. Variación Individual y Temporal en el Comportamiento de Vuelo Tierra Adentro de Brachyramphus marmoratus: Implicancias para el Monitoreo de Poblaciones Resumen. Estudiamos el comportamiento de vuelo tierra adentro de 46 individuos de Brachyramphus marmoratus marcados con radio transmisores durante el 2000 y 2001 en California central para determinar cómo la frecuencia de vuelos tierra adentro varió entre individuos y a lo largo del tiempo. Todos los individuos reproductivos de B. marmoratus volaron regularmente tierra adentro (media 82% de los muestreos diarios), pero observamos considerable variación en el comportamiento de vuelo tierra adentro en los individuos que no nidificaban. Los individuos que no nidificaban pero que se encontraban fisiológicamente en condición reproductiva (reproductores potenciales) volaron regularmente tierra adentro (90% de los individuos; media 41% de los muestreos diarios), pero los individuos que no nidificaban y que no se encontraban en condición reproductiva raramente volaron tierra adentro (20% de los individuos; media 1% de los muestreos diarios). El porcentaje medio de los muestreos en los cuales los individuos de B. marmoratus volaron tierra adentro incrementó de un 20% en el 2000 a un 61% en el 2001, lo que se debió parcialmente a un incremento en el porcentaje de individuos reproductivos de un 11% en el 2000 a un 50% en el 2001. La frecuencia de vuelos tierra adentro fue mayor durante las etapas de incubación y suministro de alimento a los pichones (100% en ambas etapas), y fue menor durante las etapas pre- y post-reproductivas (70% y 78%, respectivamente). Aunque la proporción media de vuelos incrementó dramáticamente entre años, la población regional estimada a partir de muestreos en el mar incrementó sólo 28% de 496 a 637 individuos durante el mismo período, indicando que las técnicas de monitoreo como el radar, que cuentan los vuelos tierra adentro, tienen una mayor probabilidad de reflejar la variación anual en el esfuerzo reproductivo que en los cambios de tamaño poblacional regional. Más aún, el comportamiento de vuelo tierra adentro de los reproductores potenciales indica que los muestreos con radar sobrestimarán el tamaño poblacional reproductivo, a pesar de que la falta de vuelos tierra adentro por parte de individuos no reproductivos indica que los muestreos con radar subestimarán el tamaño poblacional regional.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".