Diabetes, Hyperglycemia and Accelerated Atherosclerosis: Evidence Supporting a Role for Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Stress Signaling
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is associated with both micro- and macrovascular complications that can lead to significantly elevated incidence of retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, myocardial infarction and stroke. The diabetic cardiovascular mortality rate exceeds 70% and individuals with diabetes are 2-3 times more likely to die from myocardial infarction and stroke than those with no history of diabetes even after controlling for other cardiovascular risk factors. Despite the profound clinical importance of vascular disease in patients with diabetes mellitus, our understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms by which diabetes promotes these vascular complications is incomplete. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and the unfolded protein response pathways have been previously associated with the development of several different diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders, cancer, and obesity. In addition, ER stress has been directly implicated in complications that are associated with diabetes, including pancreatic b cell dysfunction and insulin resistance. In this review we examine the potential role of endoplasmic reticulum stress in the initiation and progression of hyperglycemia-associated atherosclerosis.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".