Endoglin Is Overexpressed After Arterial Injury and Is Required for Transforming Growth Factor-β–Induced Inhibition of Smooth Muscle Cell Migration
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Endoglin is a homodimeric membrane glycoprotein primarily expressed on endothelial cells. In association with transforming growth factor (TGF)-ss receptors I and II, it can bind TGF-beta1 and -beta3 and form a functional receptor complex. There is increasing evidence that endoglin can modulate the cellular response to TGF-beta, a factor implicated in vascular lesion formation in human and experimental models. The purpose of this study was to analyze the expression of endoglin in normal and balloon-injured porcine coronary arteries and in normal and atherosclerotic human coronary arteries and to determine its ability to mediate the effects of TGF-beta on the migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs). In normal porcine coronary arteries, endoglin was of low abundance and was found primarily on endothelial cells and adventitial fibroblasts, as well as on a minority of medial SMCs. On days 3, 7, and 14 after angioplasty, endoglin was present not only on endothelial cells but also on adventitial myofibroblasts and medial SMCs of porcine coronary arteries. By day 28, few or no cells expressed endoglin. In situ hybridization revealed that endoglin mRNA expression appeared to be highest in endothelial cells on days 3, 7, and 14 days after injury and absent thereafter. With a second balloon injury, a similar pattern of endoglin protein and mRNA expression was observed. In human vascular tissue, endoglin immunolabeling was higher in endarterectomy specimens removed from diseased coronary arteries than in normal internal mammary arteries. In vitro, antisense oligonucleotides to endoglin decreased its expression and antagonized the TGF-beta-mediated inhibition of human and porcine SMC migration. In summary, upregulation of endoglin occurs during arterial repair and in established atherosclerotic plaques and may be required for modulation of SMC migration by TGF-beta.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".