Using the 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) to Assess the Psychological Health of Malaysian College Students
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
The primary objective of this study was to assess the psychological health of students at a local university inMalaysia using General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). Additionally, the study was carried out to determinethe reliability and factor structure of the GHQ-12. Sample comprised 386 students (female=177, male=209) whowere selected using multistage cluster sampling. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect the datarequired. Results showed that slightly more than half (52.9%) of the respondents scored low on the GHQ-12, anda substantial proportion (47.1%) of them scored high, indicating an unhealthy psychological state. Nevertheless,no differences were observed between the genders. Reliability analysis showed satisfactory results, with aCronbach’s alpha of 0.70. Meanwhile, factor analysis revealed that GHQ-12 was a measure of psychologicaldistress, with a three-factor structure (Psychological Distress, Social and Emotional Dysfunction and CognitiveDisorder), which jointly accounted for 51.9% of the variance. The findings of the study therefore affirm that theGHQ-12 is a good measure for assessing the overall psychological well-being of students in Malaysia.
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Direct model labels (unvalidated)
Per-model category and study-design labels from the labeling rounds. They are machine output, unvalidated, and the disagreement between models ships as data. No study design here is MEDLINE-validated yet.
| Model arm | Categories | Study design | Confidence |
|---|---|---|---|
| gemma | no category Domain: not available · Genre: Empirical About the Canadian research system: no · About a Canadian topic: no | Observational | low |
| gpt | no category Domain: not available · Genre: Empirical About the Canadian research system: no · About a Canadian topic: no | Observational | low |
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.020 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it