The Impact of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease on Long-term Disability Costs
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) as a cause of disability with subsequent costs remains poorly recognized. The small, growing body of literature on COPD shows that it is one of the leading causes of missed work.greater than asthma or diabetes. However, much less is known about the impact of COPD on long-term disability (LTD). Because the health care burden for disabled, working-age patients will fall heavily on managed care organizations, better estimates of the economic and pharmacoeconomic costs of COPD are required. We seek to improve understanding of the burden of COPD on several national LTD programs. METHODS: We reviewed occupational health and disability literature and government statistics to determine how long-term, respiratory-related disability is addressed by disability pension programs in 8 developed countries (Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Spain, the United Kingdom, and the United States). We then applied respiratory-specific disability definitions to country-specific population and pension information to estimate the potential burden of COPD on LTD insurance programs in each country. RESULTS: Comprehensive, relevant data to evaluate respiratory-related disability are lacking. Of the study countries, only the United States has explicit respiratory specific criteria for disability eligibility, which are based solely on spirometry. We estimate that the total burden of COPD in the study countries may range from 5 billion dollars to as high as 25 billion dollars per year if all persons who met U.S. eligibility criteria for respiratory-related disability were granted compensation. CONCLUSION: The potential burden of COPD on LTD programs may be large. The lack of standard criteria for respiratory-related disability may lead to underrecognition of COPD's true potential impact. Further work is needed to develop consistent and cost-effective ways to measure the impact of COPD and to assist in disability determination for COPD patients.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.012 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".