RF system for high-power industrial irradiators
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The IMPELA family of industrial irradiators has electron beam energies ranging from 5 to 18 MeV at beam powers of 20 to 250 kW. Direct control of the RF fields during the beam pulses ensures constant output energy, independent of the beam current. These irradiators are designed for simple, push-button, reliable operation. The modular RF system supports the needs of either direct electron or photon conversion irradiations. The IMPELA I-10/50 prototype has a beam energy of 10 MeV and an average power of 50 kW. The RF system features a 1300-MHz, 2-MW peak, 150-kW average, modulated anode klystron amplifier with a maximum pulse length of 1 ms. A software-based control loop tracks the accelerator structure resonant frequency while a hardware loop controls the RF amplitude during the pulse. A circulator protects the klystron from reflected power and a crowbar protects the klystron from internal arcs. The design concepts of the system are described, and results from the characterization of the I-10/50 prototype RF system are presented.>
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.035 | 0.013 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".