Analysis of run-up of granular avalanches against steep, adverse slopes and protective barriers
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine whether run-up of rapid landslides or avalanches against protective dykes or walls placed perpendicular to the path can be predicted using a dynamic model based on shallow-flow assumptions. A series of laboratory experiments were carried out involving rapid flow of dry sand in a flume, arrested by a steep adverse slope. The barrier slope was varied and included a perpendicular wall. A curved transition of varying radius separated the path from the barrier. The dynamic internal and basal friction angles of the sand were determined by independent testing. The results were analysed using a Savage–Hutter type model. A shock wave was observed as the flow approached the barrier toe and the model had to be improved by an original velocity-smoothing algorithm to prevent numerical instability. The new model is capable of simulating the entire process of run-up of the leading edge against the barrier face, deposition of the sand behind the barrier, and backward migration of the shock wave. Comparisons between experiment and analysis results are presented. The model tends to overpredict the vertical run-up in cases where the barrier slope is steep. The results of traditional run-up formulas are also compared.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".