Respiratory Control in Neonatal Rats Exposed to Prenatal Cigarette Smoke
Bibliographic record
Abstract
RATIONALE: Prenatal cigarette smoke (CS) exposure, increased environmental temperature, and hypoxic episodes have been postulated as major risk factors for sudden infant death syndrome. OBJECTIVES: To test the hypothesis that maternal CS exposure disrupts eupneic breathing and depresses breathing responses of neonatal rats to thermal and hypoxic challenges. METHODS: Experiments were performed on 1-week-old rat pups exposed prenatally to CS (n = 39) or room air (sham; n = 30). Breathing patterns were recorded by whole-body plethysmography during thermoneutral or hyperthermic states under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Mean pup weight, breaths per minute, and gasping respiratory patterns were measured for both smoke- and sham-exposed groups during thermoneutral and hyperthermic states under normoxic and hypoxic conditions. Under thermoneutral conditions, hypoxia caused gasping in CS-exposed animals but not in sham-exposed animals. Furthermore, under hyperthermic conditions, whereas hypoxia induced gasping in both groups, only CS-exposed animals exhibited a pronounced and longer lasting respiratory depression after the termination of hypoxia. CONCLUSIONS: We show that prenatal CS exposure increases the likelihood of gasplike respiration and provide the first experimental evidence that the combined effects of prenatal CS exposure and hyperthermia dramatically prolong the time required for neonates to return to eupneic breathing after hypoxia. These observations provide important evidence of how prenatal CS exposure, hypoxic episodes, and hyperthermia might place infants at higher risk for sudden infant death syndrome.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".