Bacterial S-layer preservation and rare arsenic–antimony–sulphide bioimmobilization in siliceous sediments from Champagne Pool hot spring, Waiotapu, New Zealand
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Siliceous sinter, loose sediments, and suspended flocs in Champagne Pool, an anoxic hot (75 °C) spring at Waiotapu, New Zealand, are composed of opaline silica and metal-rich sulphides that contain many well-preserved, mineralized microbes. Detailed analysis by transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectrometry has shown that bacterial cell wall and capsular material is preserved by the immobilization of high levels of As, Sb and S in the organic matrix. Calculation of the probable metal species in the spring water suggests that arsenic and antimony are present in solution as negative and neutrally charged sulphide or hydroxide complexes (such as HAs 2 S 4 − , H 3 AsO 3 and HSb 2 S 4 − ). The early adsorption of these complexes onto reactive groups on the bacterial surface may be paramount in the excellent preservation of cell morphology. As biomineralization progresses, biomineral composition commonly becomes dominated by the precipitation of a supersaturated Al-rich amorphous silica phase. Biomineralization commonly preserves S-layers, an ordered mosaic of proteins on the outer surface of the cell wall. These are the finest ultrastructure details thus far found in microbes preserved by hydrothermal mineralization, and can be used as an aid to identify microfossils. The S-layers preserved here probably belong to Clostridium thermohydrosulfuricum or Desulfotomaculum nigrifacans .
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".