Cross-Entropy-Based Sign-Selection Algorithms for Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Reduction of OFDM Systems
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Sign-selection uses a set of subcarrier signs to reduce the peak-to-average power ratio (PAR) of orthogonal-frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM). However, the computational complexity (worst-case) is exponential in N, the number of subcarriers. Suboptimal sign-selection algorithms, achieving different tradeoffs between the PAR reduction and complexity, have thus been developed. For example, the derandomization method achieves high PAR reduction of O(log N) with relatively high complexity of O(N <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ). On the other hand, selective mapping (SLM) and partial transmit sequences (PTS) sacrifice the achievable PAR reduction for lower complexity. In this paper, we develop two new cross-entropy (CE)-based sign-selection algorithms. Our algorithms simultaneously updates the probabilities of the signs of all subcarriers. The first algorithm obtains a PAR lower than the above methods with a complexity level of O(N <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ). However, if the number of iterations is fixed, this algorithm obtains the same PAR reduction as derandomization, but with O(N log N) complexity. Practical PAR reduction algorithms require that the extra cost of PAR reduction must be small. Therefore, we propose the second algorithm, which adaptively adjusts the probability of "elite" samples, and stops whenever a PAR threshold is reached. Our second algorithm achieves up to 95 % complexity savings over the first (with only a 0.4-dB PAR reduction loss). The simulations confirm the complexity advantages of the proposed algorithms compared to SLM and derandomization.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it