Preparation and characterisation of <i>Citrulus colocynthis</i> oil biodiesel: Optimisation of alkali‐catalysed transesterification
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract A non‐edible oil of Citrulus colocynthis was investigated as a prospective feedstock for biodiesel production by transesterification reaction with methanol. The content of fatty acid methyl ester in the produced oil obtained by four alkaline‐catalysed transesterifications, i.e. sodium hydroxide, sodium methoxide, potassium methoxide and potassium hydroxide was evaluated. Important fuel properties of the produced biodiesel such as ester content, density, kinematic viscosity and acid value were measured and compared. The ester ingredients in the biodiesel product were myristic, palmitic, stearic, oleic and linolenic. The best quality of Citrulus colocynthis oil at the highest yield of 97.8% was produced at a constant mixing rate of 600 rpm, methanol/oil molar ratio of 6:1, 60°C reaction temperature for 60 min, using 1.0 wt% of NaOH.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".