A Delta-Sigma Modulator With a Widely Programmable Center Frequency and 82-dB Peak SNDR
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this paper, analysis and design of a four-bit fourth- order delta-sigma modulator with a widely programmable center frequency are presented. Novel methods for quantizing and implementing the digitally programmable modulator coefficients enable performance comparable to state-of-the-art discrete-time fixed- frequency modulators at any center frequency from DC to 0.31 <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">fs</i> in steps of 0.0052 <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">fs</i> . The 0.18 mum 1.8 V CMOS prototype implemented in a silicon area of 4.5 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> consumes 115 mW at a sampling frequency of 40 MHz. The SNDR and SNR over a 310 kHz bandwidth range from 71 dB to 82 dB and from 76 dB to 86 dB, respectively.
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Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
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Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it