Une contribution positive à la protection des droits individuels : l'institution de l'ombudsman au Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Canada and Quebec have been actively involved in the trend which has resulted in the existence, within the political system, of a new institution : the Ombudsman. While the Government of Canada hesitated for some time before establishing the institution for federal purposes, the Quebec Public Protector has existed for somewhat more than 10 years, and the new institution has been recognized a proper remedy to the weaknesses of the judicial system. This article enumerates some of the weaknesses of judicial review and attempts to demonstrate that citizens are better protected by the Ombudsman because of the simplicity of the available remedies and the efficiency of settlement procedures. The new institution could not be introduced next to the judicial system without creating some problems. This article considers the respective domains which fall within the jurisdiction of the courts and of Ombudsmen, and the conflicts which could arise. Finally, the operation of the courts and of the Ombudsman will be considered, as well as the advantages and deficiencies of both institutions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.008 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.014 | 0.011 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.010 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.004 | 0.005 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".