Olfactory inhibition and recovery in chum salmon (<i>Oncorhynchus keta</i>) following copper exposure
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Copper can be an effective hatchery treatment to control certain parasitic and fungal infections in salmonids, yet it is also highly toxic to the fish's olfactory system. Numerous reports have described the early inhibitory impacts of copper on fish olfaction, but very few have addressed processes of recovery. Here we show that the chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) olfactory system can recover from short-term (4 h) exposures to copper (3–58 µg·L–1) within 1 day, as indicated by electro-olfactogram (EOG) recordings. Recovery followed initial EOG reductions of up to 88%. We also applied a novel cytophysiological approach to monitor changes in the olfactory receptor cells using a fluorescent styryl dye, AM1-43. Copper's influence on the number of receptor cells that labelled with the dye was biphasic, initially increasing the number at the two lowest copper concentrations (3 and 8 µg·L–1) and decreasing the number at the two highest concentrations (24 and 58 µg·L–1). Changes in the ability of olfactory receptor neurons to internalize the dye were monitored up to 10 days in fish recovering from copper exposure.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".